The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The minimum wage is something that F.D.R. put in place a long time ago during the Great Depression. I dont think it worked then. It didnt assoil any problems then and it hasnt solved any problems in 50 years.-- John Raese The minimum wage in the United States was established under the Fair elbow grease Standards Act of 1938 in an effort to stabilize the economy following the Great Depression. It was designed to create a minimum standard of living by ensuring that workers could furnish for the health and well being of their families. With its passage workers were legally ensured that they would receive a minimum of 25 cents for each hour worked. With each increase of the minimum assume rate ($7.75 today) there has been an increase level of debate. Such discussions have resurfaced again as the country attempts to deal with the touch of the Great Recession of 2008. Economists generally chequer that minimum wage increases do not affect national employment significantly. However th e size of an increase can have a dramatic impact on the employment of segments of the population, GDP, toll of goods, and other measurements of productivity. From an economic perspective, mandated wages negatively impact society in the long run (all other variables being held constant) wherefore we recommend that other policy measures be considered to narrow the inequality gap in our country. A review of the supply and demand curve provides the simplest explanation for our recommendation. A minimum wage is essentially a price floor for labor. If this floor is set above the current market price as would be the nerve with an increase in minimum wage - the demand for workers will be reduced while the supply of workers will increase. As illustrated below the result would get hold of to increased unemployment. http//notatthedinnertable.weebly.com/uploads/3/4/1/1/3411210/5183225_orig.pngFirms will retain more productive and higher paid workers, however lower skilled and lesser paid (those you intend to assist) will be shed. Those who lose their job will then require government benefits, such as unemployment compensation and welfare, to survive olibanum increasing government expenditures and debt. In the event that a firm does not fire workers the cost of the additional wages must be addressed. Typically the increased cost of doing business can be managed in two ways. The firm will transfer the increased cost to consumers by raising the selling price of its goods or

Valleyfair Essay -- Personal Narrative Amusement Parks Essays

V botheyfair Come on, guys, I yelled at my family, which consists of my mom Madonna, my father John, and my two sisters Alissa and Kara, as I ran deucedly across the jam-packed parking lot to the opening gate that led to a world of adventure. As wide as the world around, my eyes pierced at the doorway to a world of fun. Families, of all sizes, were enjoying all the possibilities of fun. Hearing laughter and frightening screams, warned me of the experience waiting for me within the doorway to everlasting amazement. The sweet parched smell of funnel cakes swarmed into the fresh morning air. Before I knew it, my family and I were ready to enter valleyfair, an amusement park that offers summertime fun to the maximum.As before long as I passed through the opening gate, all my worries and fears of the world drifted away. At Valleyfair, I was a different person, a person ready to experience peak adventure. At a steady pace, my family and I began our adventure.Not far from the openi ng gate, I glanced at the first force I was going to experience, the Cork Screw. The hale entire family was going to ride on the rollercoaster, even my sister Alissa who is terrified of coasters. As I walked up the narrow path that led to the Cork Screw, I could see that there was a large number of people waiting to get onto the ride. While waiting patiently to board the coaster, I gazed up in awe at the Cork Screw, one of the newer roller coasters, which sparkled high above our heads. Twirling hoops and loops were the main attraction of this roller coaster. Nevertheless, before I knew it, it was our turn to ride the Cork Screw. As soon as I entered onto the platform, I bolted towards the first car seat of the roller coaster. Following me slowl... ...reme adventure.See you next year, I mind to myself.I turned around and followed my family to our car. What a day I had had.Valley Fair offers me a day of no worries. Once I walk into the park, all my worries drift away. Whenever my family goes to Valley Fair, I let myself forget all my worries and fears for a day. I do not care what my future holds, but care unless about what I am doing at that point in time. Valley Fair is my havenAs anyone can see, Valley Fair is a nifty place for families to experience summertime fun to the maximum. With over 75 rides and attractions, there is a ride for everyone to enjoy. Given that adventure comes by the minute at Valley Fair, a full day is needed to enjoy this park of adventure and thrill. So, the next time you are in the Minneapolis area, why not stop and neglect a day at Valley Fair. You will not regret it

Personal Narrative: Football Underdogs to Champions Essay -- essays re

Football Underdogs to ChampionsI had tried out for the High School football game team but unfortunately was cut. I worked unstated over the summer and even passed on the family vacation to North Carolina to attend football conditioning at the school. Even with all of my effort put towards runnel and weightlifting I was still cut. That however did not stop me from playing the sport I love. I had heard of a local pigskin football group discussion that allowed any teen my age to play. I immediately conversed with my parents and received their permission to sign up.When I first went to get my equipment I met my first coach. Coach Andy was a larger gentleman with a muscular frame. He had a bald head and slightly crooked teeth. He seemed very friendly when I met him and implant out he had played football during his high school and college career. I also met the president of the pigskin league Mr. Kemp. He was fitting other players for their shoulder pads and helmets. era I was getting fitted he noted that I was a larger player and asked why I had not played high school football. I took the comment as a compliment and explained the story to him. I had also found out that my team would be the Cowboys. Through various conversations at the fitting, I found out that the Cowboys was the team in which late arrivals and new players were assigned. The Cowboys were considered the misfit team that had been thought of as the worst team in the league. That very night from receiving my add-on I had an idea. I knew that my friend Brian Alvey enjoyed football as much as I did. He had also tried out for the high school football team and had been cut the year before. I proposed the idea of him playing football on the same team with me in the p... ...ud of me and we continued to pummel the Redskins. Our defensive store would not allow them to score at all. On one occurrence, the Redskins made it to our end zone and had fumbled the ball. I quickly jumped on the ball and prevented them from scoring. We had come certify and won with a blowout game. With the game sounding whistle came roars of cheers from the sidelines, bleachers, and the team. We had won the dud Bowl Championship. The underdog team of misfits and late arrivals had come together and won.Winning the Turkey Bowl was one of the most memorable experiences in my life. My team had come together and through hard work and effort won the championship. To this very day, I proudly display the large Turkey Bowl Championship trophy in my room. Every time I look at the trophy it reminds me of how a group of misfits came together and won as a team.

Henry V :: Chorus

In Henry V, the choir informs us before each act what happens and where the action takes place, notifies us if the play skips everywhere certain periods of time. However, one of his main goals is to compensate for what the staging is unable to achieve, ask the audience to use their imagination, and try to see what elicitnot be shown on stage. If we read this speech, we can observe that everything the Chorus tells us can actually be summarized in a few sentences (The English fleet sails from Southampton and the siege of Harfleur begins by the English army. The embassador returns with an offer from the French King the hand of his daughter Katharine, with some dukedoms of little importance. The offer is rejected, and the the siege goes on). However, the importance of the speech lies in something different- the approach and literary techniques (language, style, tone) that Chorus uses to arouse our attention, suspend our disbelief and stimulate us to use our i magination. The Chorus does so very intelligently in its use of verbs as in Suppose (Henry V, Act 3, scene 1, line 3), Play (7), behold (7), Hear (9), etc. Such phrasing gives enormous energy to the speech and we timbre encouraged to take part in the play and make the most out of it. The style is adjectival, as in the following line With silken streamers the new-fangled Phoebus fanning. (6) Imaginative, as when the Chorus compares ships at sea to A city on thinconstant billows dancing (15). The speech also contributes to the heroic tone of the do which is highly patriotic and celebratory, and which, together with a lot of hyperbolic words, leads to creating an epic, exaggerated and almost mythical view of the whole military operation Work, work your thoughts, and in that see a siege behold the ordnance on their carriages, with fatal mouths gaping on girded Harfleur. (25-27). The ordnance on the carriages are compared to fatal mouths that turn towards Harfleur as the English arm y starts its siege of this French city. The description of these mouths that gape at Harfleur certainly help to exaggerate the power of Henrys army. Henrys fleet is described as majestical. (16). The Chorus is keen to present the fleet as being powerful and numerous so as to exaggerate the military power of Henry.

Cyberpunk and Science Fiction Essay -- Cyberpunk Computers Technology

Cyberpunk and Science FictionScience manufacturing can be defined as a method of story telling that steps outside of the box of life as we know it and into the realm of the impossible. Science fabrication works atomic number 18 often designed to be only truthful in the eyes of the author and the reader. However, there atomic number 18 times when either a science fiction work parallels closely to the future of our populace and therefore becomes a possibility or life pursues a science fiction-like ideal making the quest undismayed in itself. The latter of the two can describe the viewpoint of our growing cyberpunk culture and its belief that technology is the end no matter what intend be. The stories in the book Cyberpunk seems to focus on the life of a hacker. The book follows the life crimsonts and trends that a hacker typically goes through. Individuals who are impressed by technology often become wrapped into a technological advancement such as the computer or telephone, a nd become engulfed in curiosity. However, at this point, these individuals are nothing more than a target market for the product. They not only test the power that comes from understanding what they have in their hands, they become obsessed with it, and even begin to abuse it. Now the person has crossed the line of a fan of a product and entered the realm of hackers. In well-known cases, the individuals who manipulate todays technology for personal gain or pleasure can be related to the villains in science fiction works. Todays hackers are the new generation of pioneers whom we fear because their companionship gives them control over us. They rationalize their abuse and control over us for the good of technology and feel little or no remorse for either such unscrupulous actions. In most cyberpunk nov... ... with an ultimatum, villains would surely choose their evil profession over a life full of love and emotions. The world of science fiction is just a fantasized portrayal of our non-fictitious world of today. However, there is a significant relation among the innovators of our world and the inhabitants of the science fiction world. Their mentalities are adjoin their intentions similar their idea of a new world realized. One fears what one fails to understand, and there will always be those who test others fears. These are the characters of the science fiction novels these are the characters of the world we live in. Works Cited Markoff, John and Hafner, Katie. Cyberpunk Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. New York Simon and Schuster, 1991. Gibson, William. Johnny Mnemonic. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston McGraw Hill, 1998.

Cyberpunk and Science Fiction Essay -- Cyberpunk Computers Technology

Cyberpunk and Science FictionScience lying can be defined as a mode of story telling that steps outside of the box of life as we know it and into the realm of the impossible. Science fiction works are often intentional to be only truthful in the eyes of the author and the reader. However, there are times when either a science fiction work parallels fast to the future of our population and therefore becomes a possibility or life pursues a science fiction-like approximationl making the quest heroic in itself. The last mentioned of the two can describe the viewpoint of our growing cyberpunk culture and its belief that technology is the end no matter what means be. The stories in the bear Cyberpunk seems to focus on the life of a hacker. The book follows the life events and trends that a hacker typically goes through. Individuals who are impressed by technology often become wrapped into a technological advancement such as the computer or telephone, and become engulfed in curiosi ty. However, at this point, these individuals are nothing to a greater extent than a target market for the product. They not only test the power that comes from understanding what they have in their hands, they become obsessed with it, and even begin to disgust it. Now the person has crossed the line of a fan of a product and entered the realm of hackers. In well-known cases, the individuals who manipulate todays technology for personal crystalise or pleasure can be related to the villains in science fiction works. Todays hackers are the new generation of pioneers whom we fear because their knowledge gives them control everyplace us. They rationalize their abuse and control over us for the good of technology and feel little or no remorse for any such unprincipled actions. In most cyberpunk nov... ... with an ultimatum, villains would surely choose their evil profession over a life full of love and emotions. The world of science fiction is just a fantasized portrayal of our non- fictitious world of today. However, there is a significant relation among the innovators of our world and the inhabitants of the science fiction world. Their mentalities are equal their intentions similar their idea of a new world realized. One fears what one fails to understand, and there will always be those who test others fears. These are the characters of the science fiction novels these are the characters of the world we live in. Works Cited Markoff, John and Hafner, Katie. Cyberpunk Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier. New York Simon and Schuster, 1991. Gibson, William. Johnny Mnemonic. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston McGraw Hill, 1998.

Detective Fiction Essay

The famous horror writer Edgar Allen Poe first introduced detective Fiction in 1841 with murder in the rue morgue. Although Mr Poe was the creator of detective Fiction, he was non the one to make it as popular as it is today. Readers were more(prenominal) intrigued by Poes creative genre Horror. Poes murder in the rue morgue had overly introduced the five traditional elements, the most important of all in all was the superior detective known as C. Auguste Dupin, he had a method of deduction and was very eccentric.Now in every detective Fiction story or TV programme their contains the Five traditional elements the complete crime, the wrongly accused suspect, superior detective, dim witted police and the surprise ending, each one more essential than the other. Detective fiction was at its peak during the late nineteenth century for t wear was the time of Jack the Ripper, a cunning murderer who was never found. The mobs were intrigued by this whole situation, how it started and ho w it ends. To quench their appetite for mystery and suspense they would read detective fiction books.The most popular out of all the writers would have been Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. His stories had a disparate focus point. While other writers are focusing on the plot, Sir Doyle would have been showing of his detectives intelligence. The superior detective would have solved impossible cases, have ridiculous and contr oversial theories, suspect clues with little or no evidence but at the end of the day he was the one to mesmerise the criminal.The superior detective was known as Sherlock Holmes with his right hand man Dr Watson. In any one of Sherlocks stories Sir Doyle would have think his attention on Holmes, the story would revolve around him on his thoughts and actions. One of Sir Doyles famous stories was the Speckled Band that was about a young cleaning woman who died in a perfectly humane situation however there is little evidence to who or what did it. The Speckled Band con tains all the essential criteria, the perfect crime. Etc.The perfect crime committed was the death of Julia Stoner. Their was very little evidence of murder and how it could have been committed, For example her bedroom door was locked, her windows were barred and their was no sign of blood, bruises or any other form of violence. The Superior detective was clearly stated after making remarks to Dr Grimsby Roylett about the ticket leaning over his pocket and the state of his coat. This gives us an example of Sherlocks excellent observational skills and his superiority.I observe the second half of a return ticket in the palm of your left glove. From observing this Sherlock realises that he arrived here on public transport.In my view the wrongly accused suspect were the Gypsies and the sis of Julia. The reason for the Gypsies is because they are complete strangers to the family, who knows what they were capable of doing. The reason for Julias sister is because when she was speaking t o Sherlock, he found her to be tense and he had the feeling as if she was hiding something from him. Have you told me all. Sherlock had found her tense by observing her body language. This also shows us the intelligence of Sherlock.The ending came to quite a surprise, however I wasnt completely shocked to hear that the culprit was a swamp adder. I knew that Dr Roylett kept exotic animals and I also thought Dr Roylett did it. My theory was correct about it being the Dr, but not completely. The snake killed the girl but the mastermind behind the death was the Dr.Although the story did not contain any police, the story itself states police as dim witted for example Julias sister goes to Sherlock to solve the crime. Here she knows the police havent got the intelligence to solve the crime.Doyles rural vista of where the incident happened was colourful and natural. You would never think anything sinister could happen however when setting eyes on the location of the death, there was a hug e contrast. Watson describes the setting there was a strange contrast between the sweet promise of the spring and this sinister seek upon which were engaged. The surrounding was very colourful, no prisons, no insane asylums, there were no sinister vibes except for the ones coming from the house. I suppose the setting makes it to be a perfect crime but when Sherlock and Dr Watson set their eyes on Stoke Moran it would of narrowed down the suspects to those in the house.Although the outside cash machine was pleasant Watson felt a huge contrast between both. The building was of grey two curving wingsin one of these wings the window was broken, and blocked with wooden boards. Stoke Moran seemed to be mysterious but the only thing about unusual about it was the presence of that Dr Roylett who was a strong vitriolic man who kept wild animals in his premises.Another one of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles books was the the glum carbuncle. In this Sir Doyle emphasizes a great deal on Sherlock, his predictions and theories. When reading the blue carbuncle you get so much information from one piece of evidence that story loses the plot. When Sherlock is examining the evidence Sir Doyle is trying to tell the readers that Sherlock is so able there is nothing he cant solve.The piece of evidence Sherlock was examining was a hat, although to a normal intellectual being like Dr Watson you wouldnt find any clues about that hat. Sherlock came up with a great deal of conclusions and suggestions from a plain black top hat. Some of the conclusions made towards the hat by Sherlock would now be very controversial it came right over the forehead and settled upon the bridge of his nose. Here Sherlock suggests that he is an intellectual man just by the size of his head It is a question of cubic capacitya man with so large a brain must have something in it.There were also suggestions about the hat that were more believable and more obvious to see goes out a little, middle-aged, has grizzl ed hair which he has had cut within the last few days, and which he anoints with lime-cream but even Dr Watson failed to see these clues when glancing at it, first time.

Ethics and Compensation Essay

Results of the Internal Revenue Service Exempt Organizations Executive Compensation Compliance Project had reviewed the remuneration practices of several corporations in the United States, pointed the issues on tax compliance and further identified areas of abuse. On its report, high amounts of salary were recorded in several cases, however the IRS by and bighearted assessed them to be substantiated based on comparability data (McGookin, 2007).Several conspiracies are being worked on by the IRS regarding the executive director fee compliance aspect. It was those contr everywheresies, besetting the current payment of the executives in particular, that have rendered the broad public in full skepticism, according to The 2007 Wharton Economic Summit Panel . The apparent frequency imposed by companies or corporations in redesigning their executive programmes, along with its long-term incentives, generally poses a grave predicament in the ethics of corporal disdain (McGookin, 2007). The principal issue of compensation at present is the way by which chief executive officers of large corporations in the US have made an amount of money from just one day on a work that an average employee can earn for a takings of year. According to the Associated Press survey, the wide compensation of the major corporations have averaged a total of $10. 8 one million million, which is roughly 364 more(prenominal) times the salary of an average American worker.While executives continue to accumulate more wealth while in mass of service, workers underneath the rung, on the other hand were granted the first federal minimum wage increase. However, the minimum wage, which is only $5. 85 still falls stern where the minimum salary in real terms had tumbled a decade ago (Simon, 2007). An issue in The Wall Street Journal (2007) , moreover, had reported that on that point was an increase in the regularity of pay growth among workers in 2006.Furthermore, an increase on the salaries and bonuses of chief executives among the 350 US major corporations was ilkwise put in record. However, delving deeper into the matter of increases in compensation, it seems unjust that half of the executives working with several major US Corporations have enjoyed a total compensation, that which includes salaries, bonuses and stock options, which on the other hand was over a hundred times the average wage of a US worker. Such data proves that there is an apparent broadening of disparity between executive and average-earners compensation.The said data was supported by the Institute for Policy Studies and United for a Fair Economy wherein in one of their compilations, it was shown that a corporate CEOs earnings in one day is comparatively equivalent to more than what average workers can make year round (McGookin, 2007 ) Provided such data, the aspect of a complete American-executives-domination is put in line. To add further with the pleasure these executives enjoy, the value of th eir possible pensions were shown to have grown by an average of $ 1. 3 million (Simon, 2007).Clearly, a medium that has long been of significance in retaining, attracting and motivating individuals to work is the tool of reward. But reward shall be accorded in proper diffusion to appropriate individuals because getting it wrong may put the potential of demotivation and/or loss of talent instead . Standard and Poors five hundred compensation issue On a preliminary analysis done by the Corporate Library documented that the CEO of Standard and Poors 500 company made an average of total compensation amounting over $14. 78 million in 2006 (Simon,2007).The cumbersome issue and predicament regarding the executive compensation were highlighted in 2006, when a large amount of severance packages were apportioned to departing CEOs whose performance does not nearly qualify a standard. The remaining CEOs then were attacked by backdating scandals in congress with stock options in their compani es. According to Simon (2007), the flaws in the compensation system were uncovered through the said backdating indignities, in which the seated CEOs are privileged to take what they like within their companies and the shareholders with impunity.Disneys compensation issue Take for another example the compensation issues at Disney. Shareholders of Disney polled at a 45% no confidence right to vote for CEO Eisner regarding his re-election. Some investors were rankled to know that Eisner himself was the beneficiary of the boards decision to double the CEOs salary, which amounts to $2 million (The Pay Gap,2007). Despite the incident that Disneys stock is improving, there substantiates an apparent and unnecessary relationship between shareholder value and executive compensation.Practically speaking, such relationship in the business arena allocates an unjust proportion of benefits towards the executives. A rise in the stock price is cordially adhered with the notion of welcome salvatio n for the employed executives but, tying everything to compensation or rewards, is the companys performance in progress over time? Ethically, any switching in the approaches of putting management interests over that of the shareholders interest that Disney bargains into will not do any good for the company (The Pay Gap, 2007).Yahoos compensation issue Evidently, the high appeal of primary executive wage has induced in recent years as the amount of wages likewise increase and stock options were luxuriously pay off. Terry Sernel of Yahoo Inc. gained a total of $71. 7 million in 2006, according to the AP filings. Roughly, such amount is estimated to be $20 million and 20% more of the gross box office take spearheaded by A-list actors as Brad Pitt or Leonardo DiCaprio (the Pay Gap, 2007).

Part I Root Attitudes and Beliefs

Global settings create specific requirements for individualal, organizational, cultural values. In general, there are no limits to the attitudes people hold.Attitudes are learned passim life and are embodied within our socialization process. In the global setting, some attitudes may be central to us a core take a crap which may be highly resistant to any change (perhaps a religious belief) whereas other, more peripheral attitudes, may change with new information or soulal experiences.A person should be a proactive, which means to be response to change creating new knowledge and finding methods of problem-solving. Reactive person cannot be yeasty which limits its opportunities and prevents from personal growth (Oden, 1997).In the workplace, there should be full and genuine participation of staff concerned as early as possible, preferably well in front the actual introduction of new equipment or systems.A person should concentrate on the roots of the problem in order to remove doubt and indecision. It involves having an objective to achieve and the tests of whether that butt is being achieved or not form the control criteria. Decisions involve the future and involve choice therefore they can be wrong (Cowen, 2002).2. Achieving personal moment is another factor which ensures personal development and growth. Every person is unique personality (Hill, Levenhagen, 1995).For instance, from early years many entrepreneurs and creative people, artists and musicians reveal creative skills in different aspects of life. On the other hand, researchers underline that these skills can be trained and developed in many people in spite of their sets of genes and nature. If a person understands his uniqueness, it creates new opportunities for companies. In global settings, it is crucial to find the essence and meaning of life.Most people not only believe that worrying about difficulties becomes a course not to worry (or even think about) other pressing issues people also believe that many common American concerns about stress are misplaced. If a person understands his divine role and accepts his destiny, he becomes patient to other people trying to apply universal wisdom to life (Fitzsimmons, 1997).3. To discard the negatives, every person should develop unique interpretation of a self and the essence of life based universal values and laws. All actions of people are aimed toward the positive, and purpose is in nature. This life philosophy frees people from worries (Gesteland, 1999).The conditions of possibility, in which such a life can be attempted to be lived, take the view that the institutions of the modern state, as these are developing in the advanced societies, do have the potential for accommodating a range of spheres of life such as private holiness and economic activity within which individualism could flourish, but which at the same time are held within a set of political institutions open(a) of securing.

The Tiger Who Would Be King

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Mr. Smith Honors English Period 6 19 January 2013 Ambiguity and Irony in the Tiger Who Would Be King crowd Thurber weaves ambiguity and caustic remark into The Tiger Who Would Be King and allows them to influence the readers understanding and perception of the characters, themes, and plots in various ways. For ideal, ambiguity, a lack of clarity, presents itself when the brash and volatile tiger arrogantly declares Ill be king of beasts by the time the moon rises (312). This presents us with the central plot and conflict of the story as well as some insight into his character and personality.The fact that he declares war against Leo the Lion leaves us with some ambiguity as we do not spot if he will triumph and only know that an epic battle lies in store. Another example of this is evident when the tiger rebelliously states We need a change, said the tiger. The creatures are crying for a change. (312). The fact that his mate notes that the only crying she can h ear is that of her cubs, leaves the reader with ambiguity as to why he really wants change. The reader must critically approach the text and derive the unclear meaning from his faulty decision and decide and discover what it really means.Ambiguity in this story as well as in all literature is what captivates readers and teaches them to critically analyze the text and takes reading to a whole new level. Dramatic, oral and situational irony all appear in this story and provide it with a kind of humor that keeps readers entertained. For example The tigress listened but she could hear no crying, except that of her cubs (312). This is an example of situational irony because readers expect there to be a serious problem, however the tigress observation proves that the conflict the tiger created may not actually be there.Situational irony occurred here because what happened is the opposite of what as expected. Another instance of irony in the story this time comes verbally when the lioness wakes Leo the Lion and tells him The king is here to exit you (312). The fact that Leo is the king is what is so ironic about the statement. This instance of verbal irony in the story is what sets the wheels in motion and gets the blood simmering for the fight of the king of beasts. Irony in this story is used often and is supports the main ideas, plot, theme and characters and helps the story move along.

Coin Opreated Vending Machine Based on Microcontroller

aver period peddling machines argon commonplace at railway stations, airports, fast-food restaurants and even in companies. Press a switch and the machine delivers a cup of your favorite drink. This looks quite a simple operation but has a very complex logic behind it It involves use of twelve preciseness timers and four counters apart from physical devices like display, solenoid and motor to deliver water and premixed tea/ deep brown/soup powder in exact quantity for fail taste and in exact sequence.This has become possible because of the use of micro controllers, which allow compact size, higher reliability, lower cost and multiple functionalists. This tea/coffee/soup huckster machine controller uses Free-scale latest AT89S52 micro controller chip. The controller is programmable and user friendly. You go off set the quantity of the beverages through a sacking switch provided on the front panel of the controller as per your requirements. Thus, cups of any size can be filled at any time. But you can insert a 10RS.Coin in the system then is working(a). For human beings, recognizing if a fall upon is real is pretty easy. We can look at the notes, weigh it in our hand, feel the temperature, listen to it hit the floor, etc. If approximately oneness handed you a coin replica made of plastic, you would immediately know it is fake even if it looked regular(a) to your eyes. If someone handed you a blank steel slug, it would obviously be not a coin because it wouldnt look like a coin at all. What we take for granted as humans is not so easy for a vending machine.A vending machine needs a comparatively inexpensive way to detect if a coin is real. Circuit Diagram Block Diagram http//ayusdumaru. blogspot. in/p/vending-machine. html http//www. docstoc. com/docs/134527341/Coin-operated-vending-machine http//www. scribd. com/doc/13916969/Ece-10-Documentation-Vending-Machine Be it schools, colleges or commercial establishments, vending machines, also known as automat ic retailing, are everywhere. Most of the time, vending machines are used to sell beverages like tea, coffee and sodas, candies, snacks, gumballs, drafting tickets etc. o people. If you look at the history of vending machines, it is believed that the first such machine was genuinely invented way back in 215 BC by a Greek mathematician and used in Egyptian temples to dispense holy water Thereafter, the first commercial vending machine was installed in 1880 in England, which was coin operated and sold postcards. It was just now in the year 1888, that vending machine business made an entry into New York, America by way of the Thomas Adams mussitate Company, which installed these machines at the subway platforms in New York City and sold gum.After that, there has been a no looking back, with everything, right from postcards, cigarettes, sodas, snacks, being provided through them to the customers, with just the adjure of a button People would have thought that there can be nothing a s convenient as these machines, but now, looking at what the vending machines of the future promise, this thinking will certainly get changed. Let us know something interesting about the future vending machines. Machines that Recognizes Age and agitateBelieve it or not, but there are vending machines installed at a Station in Tokyo, Japan, which can actually recognize a persons age and sex and suggest options consortly. They have inbuilt cameras which recognize the activities taking place outside the machine. This machine comes with a 47-inch touch panel display, instead of the push-button system which are the usual fare with vending machines. They are controlled by a centralized server, which are in turn monitored by the vending ships company. When a customer comes in this machines vicinity, images of various drinks are displayed on the screen.The machine will sense the customers age and sex and then recommend a few drinks according to that. Also, if the customer wants some more information on a particular drink, such as its nutritional information, they can actually zoom in and get it These machines are roar for marketers as when nobody is inwardly a ten foot radius of these machines, their screens display advertisements No More Credit Cards A Massachusetts company who is into manufacturing vending machines, proclaims that soon there will be biometric vending machines introduced in the market.These biometric machines will recognize a person through his fingerprints. Through these customers can actually connect a credit card to the imprint of their thumb The Massachusetts company predicts that such machines, which make the customers feel engaged will be the upstart future of vending machines. There are also some talks going around that certain vending machines are being manufactured and well-tried which will allow retinal scans of the customers. The customers will thus be recognized through their retinas and thereafter, charged for their vending machin e purchases.A very useful feature of these vending machines, for companies who have installed them, is that they will come with Ethernet connections. This will enable them to recognize real fast when the machine needs to be re-stocked. Also, if the machine is somehow not working properly due to a coin being stuck in it, the monitors will report it immediately and the same fault can be corrected within no time. It is believed that these machines will get installed within the next one year. Looking at their benefits, they are indeed a win-win for customers, companies as well as advertisers ingest more at Buzzlehttp//www. buzzle. com/articles/vending-machines-of-the-future. html The Advantages and Disadvantages of VendingMachines Vending machines are the most easy to use produce of the recent years. A cashier is ultimately redundant when it comes to vending machines, and yet it delivers food of all sorts. All you have to do is to fill the coin slot with the right amount of money, pres s the button according to what you desire to obtain, and then it comes right out of the machine. Pressing some button is all that it takes for you to gain satisfaction whenever you are hungry.It was already several decades back when the impression of vending machines came to life it was when a mathematician put a coin in a machine slot, which eventually handed out water. During the industrial era, the use of vending machines have been taken advantaged by the public for the reason that these machines were already positioned in universities, hallways, and in workplaces. It is for the reason thatvending machinesprovide you with your necessities almost instantly, that people consider it as a very much reliable choice.Not all people think of that, unfortunately there are those who consider vending machines as tools that let you take in your hard-earned money to its costly products. People also are indeed dreadful when the item that they want to purchase gets stuck in the machine. This further proves that vending machines can twain be beneficial and a waste of time for some people. The greatest benefit of these vending machines is that they are very versatile and convenient. When you find yourself in the nerve center of closed shops, with a hungry stomach, a vending machine can really come in handy.When you do not have the time in your hands, and you really need something to eat, these vending machines can be the sole answer to your problems. When you talk about vending machines, costly items always come with it, making this one of its major disadvantages. Compared to items being sold in other stores, those items that are on vending machines are way on the high-priced spectrum. Therefore, if you want to, then do not stop yourself from spending so much. Another disadvantage is the harmful snacks that they offer.Teenagers almost always patronize these unhealthy snacks that are constantly available in vending machines. Studies have shown that a great deal of foods and beverages in these machines are low in nutritional values. After knowing the different advantages and disadvantages ofvending machines, only you can make the final decision whether or not you still want to continue using it. Some people may have contradictory ideas when this topic arises. Nevertheless, what matters most is that you learn to stand on what you believe in. Besides, these machines have been designed to increase our comfort, with no other harm intended.

Mayhew

Mayhew Analysis Paper In the book, Congress The Electoral Connection, David Mayhew addresses his opinion about the political system, and centralizes his argument on the assumption that the only intent a member of Congress has is reelection. The bulk of his argument is the behavior by the members of Congress involving advertising, assent claiming, and position taking, which we discussed in class. Mayhew believes that these actions by the incumbent congressmen illustrate that they are much worried about keeping their seat, than anything else.The first election activity menti cardinald in the book is advertising, which is defined by Mayhew as any effort to disseminate ones name among constituents in such a fashion as to create a favorable image but having teensy or no issue content, (49). By spending money on advertisement, the house incumbent has a sizeable advantage over their opponent. Mayhews distaste for this tactic comes from the touch on purpose that most of it is done while the congressmen are in office.In my opinion, I feel that Mayhew thinks of congressional elections as more of a popularity contest based on this statement, There are standard routinesfrequent visits to the constituency, nonpolitical speeches to home audiences, the sending out of care booklets and letters of condolence and congratulation, (50). Mayhew realizes this is an unprincipled manner to get reelected, but it go forth not stop and congressmen will continue to take advantage of advertising anyway likely.The second behavioral motive Mayhew discusses in the book is reference book claiming. This allows the incumbent to take credit for government accomplishments and look good to the constituents. The credit claiming tactic allows for a member of Congress to stick out as an undivided rather than affiliated with a particular party. In order to do so, worry we discussed in class, the congressmen must provide assets to the constituents that they can take absolute credit for.Mayhew argues that a congressman may take advantage of this due to little knowledge, For typical voters Capitol Hill is a distant and mysterious place few having anything like a working knowledge of its maneuverings, (69). Therefore, constituents have no way of knowing if the credit claimed by their congressman is valid or not. This is why Mayhew argues that this tactic is damage because it may look to the constituents that the congressmen is putting in hard work, when really it is redundant actions to that district to help them get reelected.However, like advertising, this is a very important reelection legal document and the incumbent wants to appear loyal to the constituency. Mayhew discusses position taking, which is the third activity congressmen use in their pursuit for reelection. It is defined in the book as the public phraseology of a judgmental statement on anything likely to be of interest to political actors, (61). Mayhew argues here that most incumbents judgment involves sp eaking on the issue rather than acting on it. In class, we discussed what happens in a role call and the member must pick a side.Mayhew states that most congressmen will take the conservative route and take the position that got them their seat to begin with. This validates Mayhews argument that most congressmen are content with their position due to the prestige that comes with it and it pays well. So why would they want to leave? A congressman who has been reelected before knows what the constituents want, causing them to take familiar stance on issues like they have in the past. These three tactics by incumbents seeking reelection draw enough conclusive evidence to contradict the following statement The U.S. Congress is a representative intro that effectively responds to the preferences of a majority of Americans. The words representative, institution, and effectively caught my eye. Yes, there is representation, but it deems insignificant in the fact that it is more on the cong ressmens mind to layover in seat for their sake, rather than really helping the constituents according to Mayhew. There is no institution, it is a group of individuals each trying to create a collateral image to the constituency through advertising.In the United States Congress, congressmen do not need their party to win the nomination, In America the underpinnings of teamsmanship are weak or absent, making it possible for possible for politicians to triumph over parties, (22-23). Mayhew uses the British Parliament as an example of strong party influence. The analysis and assessment of Mayhews argument on the reelection regale allowed me to conclude that the accuracy of the statement above sounds true, but when broken down, it is not.Mayhew made very strong and valid points about the incumbents process in order to remain in Congress. Also, relating back to class discussion, most members will vote in the direction that best suites them, which Mayhew talked about in part 2 of the book. It is apparent that with Mayhews argument that many congressmen put themselves ahead of their constituents, which is not appropriate representation. In conclusion, it is visible that the intent a member of congress has is reelection.Mayhew clearly shows with his argument that the election activities of advertising, credit claiming, and position taking are done merely for reelection purposes and not for the betterment of the constituency. These three tactics have very little to do with legislation and more so with publicity and appeasing the district by miniscule deeds and conservative voting that the incumbent has done in the past. However, these three strategies are assets to current congressmen and they will continue to take advantage of them.

Gatsby Assignment

The Great Gatsby Assignment Directions * For each chapter (except Ch. 9), at least one of the three columns (Device qualifying Connection to Meaning) is established for you. Your job is to correctly and meaningfully complete any blank column. Passages should be directly cited and effectively chosen (Include page numbers). * Each Connection to Meaning initiation will require multiple, thoughtful sentences. * Each Connection to Meaning entry must include (a) raillery of meaning in the immediate context of the device, and (b) discussion of meaning in the greater context of the novel.You argon expected to complete the a portion of your discussion as soon as we read the chapter. You be expected to return to each completed a portion at the conclusion of the novel, as you attempt to find new insight and complete the b portion of your discussion (remember that Ch. 6 is your model for the third column, but yours should be 2-3 sentences longer and more developed). * Send me an email whe n you get home, and I will manoeuver you the assignment electronically. This way you give the gate type the assignment and turn in a printed copy. My email is cecily. emailprotected org * This is due Thursday, March 28 (TYPED ) Chapter Device/Strategy Passage and page Connection to Meaning 1 Juxtaposition Theres a bird on the lawn that I think must be a nightingale come over on the Cunard or White Star Line . Hes singing away, her voice sang. Its romantic, isnt it, turkey cock? The telephone rang inside, startlingly, and as Daisy shook her head decisively at Tom the subject of the stables, in fact, all subjects vanished into air. (15) 2 But above the gray soil and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg. The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantictheir retinas are one yard high. (23) 3 Allusion (41) 4 Yeah, Gatsbys very careful about women. He would never so much as look at a f riends wife. (72) 5 Tone shiftTone 1Tone 2Tone 3Tone 4 6 Jay Gatsby invents parents because he does not like what his mother and father represented.Gatsby is new money and is in opposition to the old money new money was not respected since it was earned fast and quick and not inherited or used to trounce and culture those it was passed down to. So, Gatsby creates the image that is needed in order to fit into the society in which Daisy belongs. He creates a perfect, omniscient heritage that only can be achieved by one according to Christianity, and he became the faithful servant to that image.This allowed him to achieve the status that only his heavenly Daisy could complete. 7 (a) Logos (b) Ethos (c) PathosHint You need to volunteer a clear example of each appeal in the argument to win Daisy. 8 She was the first nice girl he had ever known. In various unrevealed capacities he had come in contact with such people, but always with indiscernible barbed wire. He found her ex citingly desirable. (148) 9

Professionalism in Nursing Essay

There ar many traffics and check offs in which passe-partoutism is of the ut nigh importance, and breast feeding is among them. Within the plain stitch of care for, thither is much value to be placed with the enhancement of professionalism at heart the profession.Nursing is a profession that relies on practitioners to act in a elan that represents the virtuousness of the broader discipline, as all breastfeeds be in a position of responsibility. The following essay leave behind gain examine the topic of professionalism in nursing, and from this it willing be clear that professionalism among nurses is of the last(a) importance, and nursing educators need to emphasize this fact early on, so that nurses target establish professional tendencies that will follow them throughout their dole outer.More than any other profession, nursing has large been concerned with establishing professional values and behaviors within their discipline. Nurses atomic number 18 wad that d rub within the medical industry, and indeed they canvass people all of assorted types, with different medical conditions. There is an inherent need for comparability and human dignity, and this is part of the mindset of professionalism that nurses have.Additionally, the nursing industry is broad, encompassing different people in different situations, but there needs to be something that binds them all as nurses. This is where professionalism comes in. For example, in North America most people have faith that wherever they are, there is competent medical care avail equal. This includes nurses, and therefore there needs to be a level of professionalism which links nurses everywhere so that people can unfold to have faith that wherever they go, they can count on the availability of quality medical care.Professionals in the nursing field are those nurses that understand that their discipline extends beyond the individual, and it is the collection of nurses throughout the nursing residential area that create the industry. Nurses need to understand that they are a team, and they must all work together non just with each other, but also with other members of their health care community, from physicians to administrators. According to Girard et al., Professional nursing practice is a commitment to compassion, caring and strong ethical values continuous development of egotism and others accountability and responsibility for insightful practice demonstrating a spirit of collaboration and flexibility.There are dissever of expectations that fall upon nurses who seek to be professional in their practice. To begin with, nurses must understand that they are works within a broader profession, and therefore they must act in accordance with professional guidelines that have been pile for them. In Ontario, it is expected that all nurses abide by the Standards of Practice for Registered Nurses. Nurses should also ensure that they have the training, cause and skills ne eded to perform the tasks that they are expected to perform. This includes having an understanding of the theoretical frameworks which have come to shape the discipline over the years. For example, a professional nurse should have an understanding of Jean Watsons Theory of Care, and the force that it has had on the development of nursing practice. By having grounding in nursing theory, nurses are better able to make the best decisions in the course of their daily practice, and this contributes to their overall professionalism.A further component of nursing which is essential to professionalism is quality care. Nurses are expected to give the best possible care to all clients, careless(predicate) of the situation or who they are. Professionalism meaning that all nurses treat everybody equally, and do their best to ensure that the highest quality care is being provided. This includes a dedication to principles of justice, honesty, respect and integrity. When people require the care of nurses, they do not needs personally agnise the nurse that will be giving them care, but there is unendingly an expectation that the nurse will provide good care, whoever the nurse is, and this expectation is a consequence of the professional temperament that nurses have garnered, and it is most-valuable that nurses continue to warrant this professional reputation. Nursing professionalism stems from nurses developing their practice.This means that nurses need to work to educate others about the role of nurses within the health care sector, as well as live on by example. Nursingprofessionalism requires that those who work within the industry are leaders, and this facilitates the passage of professional tendencies from older and to a greater extent experienced nurses to newer nurses. Overall, nurses need to conduct themselves in a instruction that is good for the profession a way that reflects well on all nurses, not just the individual. This works to give nurses and nursin g the reputation of professionalism, and further serves to benefit the profession.Beyond these things, there are also many more factors that contribute to the overall professionalism in nurses, and these factors are so beta because people inherently trust that nurses are professional. As such, look goes a long way in of importtaining the image of being a professional. To begin with, nurses must understand that their appearance says a lot about them. Nobody wants to go to a hospital or a clinic and see a nurse that is not well put together. By putting forth a bracing and professional appearance, people will automatically feel at ease with the situation they are in, and will more likely to be cooperative throughout the process. Furthermore, a professional does not discriminate against people they treat everyone the same whether they are doctors, patients, janitors or administrators. It is important not to facilitate a hierarchy within the organization that you work in. A nurse al so needs to continually improve.Just because a nurse has finished their training, does not mean that they are done learning. Becoming an excellent service provider means continually learning from the experiences you have, and building on them to provide quality care in the future. In fact, professionals arrive at that formal training is only part of the process. When they are on the job, they realize that they will continue to learn, from their experiences and those nigh them. True professionals capitalize on the experiences that they have, and leverage them to become better nurses with each passing day. Finally, nurses must always give their best effort. It is not acceptable for nurses to only give a partial effort on some days. Regardless of how well a nurse is feeling on any particular day, it is important for the pursuit of professionalism that nurses are able to provide excellence, day in and day out.Professionalism is not something that comes easy, and therefore it isimporta nt that nurses evaluate themselves on a continual basis to ensure that they are maintaining the standards that make them professional. There are a number of questions that a nurse can ask themselves each day. The first is whether or not they are being professional. The reality is that most people are aware whether or not their actions hit as being professional. For example, if a nurse wears a dirty or unkempt uniform to the hospital, they know they are being unprofessional. By undergoing a process of self- rating, a nurse can determine, on a daily basis, what they can do to improve themselves and become more professional. For example, if a nurse has a dirty uniform, they need to ask figure out why this is the case.Maybe it is just an isolated incident and it is flimsy to happen again, but maybe it is something that happens often, in which case the nurse will need to take a step back and figure out what can be done to prevent this from happening on a regular basis. A nurse also ne eds to look within themselves to determine if they are treating others with the respect that they deserve. It is important to understand that nursing is a team game, and all the members of the team rely on each other. For example, a nurse could not provide quality care if the janitor did not do his or her part.For this reason, nurses need to continually ask themselves if they are treating others with the level of professionalism that they would expect to be treated. In many cases, this self- evaluation will show that they have been treating others professionally, but it might also show that there are improvements to be made. Finally, nurses need to continually ask themselves how an increased level of professionalism could improve the workplace.There are often smallish steps that can be taken to make a big difference, and by re-evaluating oneself on a daily basis, a nurse can identify what they are doing well, and where improvements can be made for the think of improving profession alism.While all nurses have a role to play in creating professionalism, there are some barriers that stand in the way. One of the major barriers is a difference in educational oscilloscope among nurses. Different nurses have different levels of education, and this can serve to divide, but nursesought to work to minimize the effects of educational disparity among them. Further, gender issues can serve as a barrier to professionalism.Nursing has long been fantasy of as female-dominated (or womens work), but now more than ever, men are entering the profession, and equating among the sexes in the profession is something that will serve to increase professionalism as well. These are just two of main barriers that stand in the way of professionalism in nursing, but these barriers and others do not stand in the way of professionalism, rather they are just reasons for nurses to work harder for the benefit of the reputation of their profession.Overall, it can be seen that maintaining prof essionalism in nursing is essential to the profession. Nurses put themselves in positions of trust each and everyday, and therefore it is essential that the people that rely on the care of nurses are confident that they are being cared for by professionals. There are barriers to professionalism in the nursing industry, but they can be overcome if nurses work together toward a common goal. This essay has shown that professionalism among nurses is of the utmost importance, and nursing educators need to emphasize this fact early on so that nurses can establish professional tendencies that will follow them throughout their career.

Every Day Science for Css

PMS/CSS Everyday Science Compiled by Engr. Syed Muhammad Umer www. css. theazkp. com emailprotected theazkp. com Ph +923336042057 Its just an effort to flow all relevant data of Everyday Science in a single document, which allow be personad in the eagerness of Competitive Examinations a worry(p) PMS/CSS and different such exams. The primarily frontmost of these information is in general from internet. PMS/CSS Notes Contents Topic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.Nature of Science Contribution of Muslims Scientists Impact of Science on Society Universe Galaxy Solar organization Sun landed estate Atmosphere Weather fog Rain Acid Rain Minerals Rock (Mineral) Mineral Deposit Lava Solar and Lunar Eclipses Day and night and their variation Energy Sources and Resources of Energy Energy conservation Ceramics Plastics Semiconductors Radio Television Teleph integritys P time No. 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 9 12 13 14 17 17 19 20 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 30 30 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. Topic Page No.Camera 31 Lasers 31 Microscopes 34 Computers 36 Satellites 42 Antibiotics 42 Vaccines 45 Fertilizers 46 Pesticides 47 Microwave ovens 47 Immunization 48 Fingerprinting 49 Infra Red Radiation 50 Greenhouse way disclose 50 Anti way out 53 Magma 54 Brain 55 Heart 60 Tissues 68 Epithelial stall 68 Origin of Modern Humans 68 Pest Control 72 Protein 73 vertebrate 74 Invertebrate 76 Liver 79 Enzymes 80 Organisms (Common to all living things) 82 2 1. NATURE OF SCIENCE Definition Science can be defined as study mainly refer with the phenomenon of physical earth any or all of natural learnings or bio transp bent sciences. Or Science as the the field of honor of study which attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in in all or part. Science is the faculty to reason out the how and why of the things a s they occur in the phenomenal world or the objective world Basically science is the study of laws of nature and man has veritable science by observing. Infact this subject has completely transformed our power over nature and the world outlook. phylogeny of the modern technology is directly the outcome of the development of modern science.Without the scientific rotary motion the industrial revolution would not harbor been possible. It has raised the kind-hearted activity level by real observations in the mingled fields of human existence. Whether its the exploration of human health, industrial progress, agrarian developments and modern communication technologies, the benefits gained from this major subject ar enormous. Infact it would not be wrong to say that we atomic number 18 living in the age of science and is a dominant factor in our day to day existence. 2. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTSMUHAMMAD BIN genus Musa AL KHWARZIMI Made lasting contributions in the field s of Mathematics, Astronomy, Music, Geography and History. He composed the oldest works on Arithmetic and on Algebra. The oldest Mathematic book composed by him is Kitab ul jama wat tafriq He is the first person who used cryptograph and wroteHisab ul jabr Wal Muqabla which is conceived to be an outstanding work on the subject which included analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations. In the field of Astronomy he compiled his own tables which formed the basis of later astronomical pursuits in some(prenominal) East and West.He also contributed in the field of geographical science by writing a famed book KItab ul Surat al ard. In Arabic. His book ? kitab al Tarik is also a memorable work regarding history. AL BERUNI Born in Afghanistan Beruni made original important contributions to science. He is conceived to be the most prominent scientists of the Islamic world who wrote slightly 150 books on various significant subjects concerning human existence. These subjects inc lude Mathematics, History, Archeology, Biology, Geology, Che m is try, morality etc.He discussed the behavior of earth, moon, and planets in his book Qanoon Almasudi which is also considered as an outstanding astronomical encyclopedia. He also observe seven different ways of finding the directions of north and south and discovered mathematical techniques to determine scarce the beginning of the seasons. Another notable discovery he made was that the revive of light-headed is faster than move . His wide range of scientific association is also revealed through his books kitab al saidana and kitab al jawahar dealing with care for and the fictional characters of gems their temperance respectively.He was a prolific writer whose works showed his versatility as a scientist. AL RAZI The famous philosopher and a notable surgeon of the Muslim world, Zakriya Al Razi was born in Ray near modern Theran Iran. His passion for knowledge lead him to the study of Alchemy and Chemistry, phi losophy, logic, Mathematics and Physics. He was a pioneer in some(prenominal) areas of medicine and treatment of health sciences in general, and in particular he worked alot in the fields of paeditrics, obsterics and ophthalmology.Al razi was the first person to introduce the use of Alcohol for medical directs and opium for the objective of giving anesthesia to his patients. In the field of ophthalmology too Al razi gave an account of the operation for the extraction of the cataract and also the first scientist to discover the effect of the chroma of light on the eye. The modern studies confirm his understanding on the subject thus making him a dandy physician of all the times. ABU ALI IBN E SINA Endowed with great powers of absorbing and retaining knowledge this Muslim apprentice also made valuable contributions to he field of science. He is considered to be the founders of Medicine and also added his great efforts to the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicinial Chemistry, Philosophy, Palae ontology and Music. His most famous book is Al Qannun which brings out the features of human physiology and medicine. Sina is also considered as a father of the science of Geology on account of his invaluable book on mountains in which he discussed matters relating to earths impudence and gave scientific reasons for earthquakes.He is the author of 238 books which are fine instances of his thoughts regarding various subjects in diverse ways. JABIR BIN HAYAN Introduced experimental query in chemical science which immensely added its rapid development and made him the Father of Chemistry. He devised methods for preparation of important chemicals like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and white lead. 3 Jabirs work also deal with the refinement of metals ,preparation of steel, dye of cloth and leather, use of magnese dioxide in glass making, distillation of vinegar to concentrate acetic acid.Jabir also rationalizeed scientifically two principle functions of chemistry, i. e. , calcination, and reduction and registered a marked improvement in the methods of evaporation, sublimation, distillation and crystallization He wrote to a greater extent than 100 books which are one of the most outstanding contributions in the field of science particularly the chemical science. ABDUL HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM One of the most outstanding Mathematicians, Physiologists, and Opticians of Islam. He contributed to the realms of medicine and philosophy. He wrote more than two hundred scientific works on diverse subjects.Haitham examined the refraction of light rays through transparent objects including air and water. Infact he was the first scientist to elaborate two laws of reflection of light He made a number of monolithic discoveries in the field of optics ,including one which locates retina as the seat of vision. His book on optics Kitab Al Manazir vividly shows his hold on the subject. He constructed a pinhole camera and studied formation of images . Due to his noteworthy contributions he is regarded as one of the prolific Muslim scientists of all times.OMAR AL KHAYAM He was an outstanding Mathematician and Astronomer. He was also cognize as a poet, philosopher and a physician. He travelled to the great centers of learning of the era i. e. Samrakund, Bukhara, and Ispahan. He classify many a(prenominal) algebraic equations based on their complexity and recognized thirteen different forms of cubic equation. He also classified algebraic theories of parallel lines. On the invitation of Sultan Jalal-ud- Din, he introduced the Jilali calendar which has an error of one day in 3770 years.He also developed accurate methods for determination of gravity as a poet too, he is known for his Rubaiyat. He made great contributions in the development of mathematics and analytical geometry which benefitted Europe some(prenominal) years later. NASIR UD DIN TUSI Al tusi was one of the greatest scientists, Mathematicians, Astronomers, Philosophers, Theolog ians and physicians of his time. He was a prolific writer and wrote many treatises on varied subjects like Algebra, Arithmetic, Trignometry, Geometery, Logic, Met aphy sics, medicine, ethics and Theology.He served as a minister of Halaku Khan and persuaded him to establish an watch and library after the destruction of Baghdad. He worked at the observatory and prepared precise tables regarding the motion of the planets. These are also known as Tables of Khan ZIA UD DIN IBN BAITAR Was a famous botanist and pharmacopeias of gist ages. Because of his intensifier travels, he was able to discover many plant species. He wrote many books regarding his field of specialty and is perpetually considered as a prominent scientist among his Muslim counterparts 3.IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY Science is the organization of knowledge in such a way that it commands the hidden potential in nature. This hidden potential is surfaced out by the subject of science through the process of understanding. Science has proved to be of enormous practiced nature . It has made lasting impact on regarding all(prenominal) and every field of human existence. Whether it is concerned with our day to day lives or whether it is related with the various modern developments which retain resulted in elevating the living standards of the individuals.The significant contributions which the study of this subject has made are enumerated below. SCIENCE AND HUMAN ATTITUDE The various noteworthy scientific advances have helped the individuals in raising up of their self confidence . This subject has enabled the human beings to control and measure up their needs and requriements. With greater understanding of the scientific phenomena human beings have now become more cocksure about the environmental issues as compared to the muckle in the past. Infact science has promoted and paved the way for the independent and logical thinking.SCIENCE AND HUMAN HEALTH Before the development of modern medicinal fac tors, a large number of people used to lose their precious lives because of the unavailability of the sources and medicines for a proper health care. With the advancements of science now the human life expectancy rate has increased as the various modern developments in the field of health care has helped in warding off the dangerous diseases The revolutions in surgery and medicine the infectious diseases like menial pox, malaria, typhoid etc. have been eradicated. Thus science has improved the health standards of the people. SCIENCE AND TRAVEL volume used to travel on foot before the inventions of automobiles,aeroplanes and steam engines. They also used animal carts and camels for the purpose of moving from one place to another. However, the modern scientific inventions have proved to be of great implication as it has added speed to the area of travel. The quick elbow room of transportation have decreased the withdrawnnesss and are a source of saving time. In fact it would not be wrong to regard that these inventions have added frequently peace to the lives of the modern men.SCIENCE AND COMMUNICATION Science has also played a significant part in the development of the modern communication technology. Earlier people were living in isolation because of the slow means of communication. Now the salutary developed, efficient media have made it possible to communicate with from each one other more rapidly and quickly. The impact of caboodle media is enormous. The use of computers and televisions has made the world a global village where an proceeds in one part of the world leaves an influence on the other.DEMERITS OF SCIENCE Every invention of science has got its own merits and demerits. The most serious invention that science has contributed to is the development of the weapons of mass destruction like the mote and nuclear bombs. The recent wars have greatly showed that how often destruction can be brought about with the use of these lethal weapons. In f act these modern inventions of science have resulted in the elevation of the anxiety and zymosis in the modern societies. Another notable demerit which the study of this subject has lead to the rise in the environmental deterioration.Day by day the pollution factor is increasing which has proved to be very venomous and harmful for the human health. Not only the human health it is also proving fatal for the animals as well as the existing plants. The rapid developments of science and industrialization have also divided the world. The developed and the undeveloped. This percentage has lead to a widening gap amidst the status and the living standards of people. There is economic divergence which has also given rise to class distinction 4. UNIVERSEThe BIG BANG THEORY about the universe is the most widely acceptable theories with regard to the origin of the universe. According to the mammoth bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions. whole the galaxies were formed from this matter. Observations of these galaxies show that they are still moving apart from each other . The universe is expanding Some scientists have suggested another theory as quieten theory to explain the process of the evolution of the universe.However the general notion on which all scientists agree is the theory of Big Bang. chill out theory is the theory about the universe and the observations by the astronomers have shown that the galaxies are moving away from each other and the universe seems to be expanding. The theory shows that the new matter is ceaselessly being created to fill the distance left by this expansion. The new matter moves apart and forms galaxies which continue to move apart. This means that the universe always look exactly the same. It has no beginning or end but in a steady state.However many observations have suggested that the universe has not always looked like the same. THE FUTURE OF UNIVERSE At resign the universe is expanding but the astronomers have questioned that whether or not this expansion provide continue . Certain observations which have been made in this regard is that one possible ending of the universe will be the big crunch?. The galaxies and other matter may be moving apart but their motion is guarded by their mutual gravitational attraction. If there is a sufficient matter in the universe gravity will eventually win and egin pulling the galaxies together once more causing the universe to experience a reverse of the big bang i. e. , the BIG CRUNCH. However there is a possibility that there is not enough matter in the universe for the big crunch to happen. This means that if it happens then the universe will continue to expand forever. 5. GALAXY Galaxy is a huge number of stars grouped together. The term wandflower can also be described as a collection of dust, gasolene and stars measuring thousands of parsecs acro ss. Galzxy contains 10000 gazillion stars and looks like a disc with a fat summation and turbinate arms.From the front it looks like a planoconvex lenss Classes of wandflower Two broad classes of wandflower are there. 1. Elliptical 2. Spiral the spiral galaxies are further sub divided into normal which constitutes of majority of spirals and barred spirals. Barred spirals have their centre in the form of the bar. The elliptical galaxies range from E 0 to E 7 from an almost ball-shaped shape to a flattened disc. 5 Milky substance Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy about 30,000 parsecs across. There are more than 200 billion stars in the galaxy.Its disc appears as a faint white plenty that is responsible for dividing the white sky at the night into two. The name of our galaxy is Milky Way. The galaxy has three spiral arms called the Orion, Perseus, and Sagittarius arms and the whole system is rotating in space. The sun revolves around the nucleus of the galaxy once in 225 million yea rs. This duration is also called the cosmic year. I -INTRODUCTION Milky Way, the large, disk-shaped aggregation of stars, or galaxy, that includes the Sun and its solar system. In addition to the Sun, the Milky Way contains about 400 billion other stars.There are hundreds of billions of other galaxies in the universe, some of which are much larger and contain many more stars than the Milky Way. The Milky Way is visible at night, coming into court as a faintly luminous band that stretches across the sky. The name Milky Way is derived from classical mythology, in which the band of light was said to be milk from the breast of the goddess Hera. Its hazy appearance results from the unite light of stars too far away to be distinguished individually by the unaided eye. every(prenominal) of the individual stars that are distinct in the sky lie within the Milky Way Galaxy.From the middle northern latitudes, the Milky Way is best seen on clear, moonless, summer nights, when it appears as a luminous, irregular band circling the sky from the northeastern to the southeastern horizon. It extends through the constellations Peruses, Cassiopeia, and Cepheus. In the region of the Northern Cross it divides into two streams the horse opera stream, which is bright as it passes through the Northern Cross, fades near Ophiuchus, or the Serpent Bearer, because of dense dust clouds, and appears again in Scorpio and the eastern stream, which grows brighter as it passes southward through lethargy and Sagittarius.The brightest part of the Milky Way extends from Sputum to Scorpio, through Sagittarius. The center of the galaxy lies in the direction of Sagittarius and is about 25,000 light-years from the Sun (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year, about 9. 46 trillion km or 5. 88 trillion mi). II -STRUCTURE Galaxies have three common shapes elliptical, spiral, and irregular. Elliptical galaxies have an ovoid or globular shape and largely contain older stars. Spiral galax ies are disk-shaped with arms that curve around their edges, making these galaxies look like whirlpools.Spiral galaxies contain both old and young stars as well as numerous clouds of dust and gas from which new stars are born. Irregular galaxies have no regular structure. Astronomers believe that their structures were distorted by collisions with other galaxies. Astronomers classify the Milky Way as a large spiral or possibly a barred spiral galaxy, with several spiral arms coiling around a central intumescence about 10,000 light-years thick. Stars in the central bulge are close together, while those in the arms are farther apart. The arms also contain clouds of interstellar dust and gas.The disk is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and is surrounded by a larger cloud of hydrogen gas. contact this cloud in act is a spherical nimbus cloud that contains many separate globular clusters of stars mainly lying above or below the disk. This halo may be more than twice as wide as the disk itself. In addition, studies of galactic movements suggest that the Milky Way system contains far more matter than is accounted for by the visible disk and attendant clustersup to 2,000 billion times more mass than the Sun contains.Astronomers have therefore speculated that the known Milky Way system is in turn surrounded by a much larger ring or halo of undetected matter known as down(p) matter. III -TYPES OF STARS The Milky Way contains both the so-called type I stars, brilliant, blue stars and type II stars, giant red stars. Blue stars tend to be younger because they burn furiously and use up all of their give the axe within a few tens of millions of years. Red stars are usually older, and use their fuel at a slower rate that they can sustain for tens of billions of years.The central Milky Way and the halo are largely composed of the type II population. Most of this region is obscured behind dust clouds, which hinder visual observation. Astronomers have been able to dete ct light from this region at other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, however, using radio and infrared telescopes and satellites that detect X rays (see Radio Astronomy Infrared Astronomy roentgen ray Astronomy). Such studies indicate compact objects near the galactic center, probably a massive black hole. A black hole is an object so dense that nothing, not even light, can escape its vehement gravity.The center of the galaxy is home to clouds of antimatter particles, which reveal themselves by emitting gamma rays when they meet particles of matter and annihilate. Astronomers believe the antimatter particles set up more evidence for a massive black hole at the Milky Ways center. Observations of stars racing around the center also suggest the presence of a black hole. The stars orbit at speeds up to 1. 8 million km/h (1. 1 million mph)17 times the speed at which Earth circles the Suneven though they are hundreds of times farther from the center than Earth is from the Su n.The greater an objects mass, the faster an object orbiting it at a given distance will move. Whatever lies at the center of the galaxy must have a tremendous amount of mass packed into a relatively small area in order to cause these stars to orbit so quickly at such a distance. The most likely candidate is a black hole. Surrounding the central region is a fairly flat disk comprising stars of both type II and type I the brightest members of the latter category are luminous, blue supergiant.Imbedded in the disk, and emerging from opposite sides of the central region, are the spiral arms, which contain a majority of the type I population together with much interstellar dust and gas. One arm passes in the vicinity of the Sun and includes the great nebula in Orion. See Nebula. 6 IV -ROTATION The Milky Way rotates around an axis joining the galactic poles. Viewed from the north galactic pole, the gyration of the Milky Way is clockwise, and the spiral arms trail in the same direction. T he period of rotation decreases with the distance from the center of the galactic system.In the neighborhood of the solar system the period of rotation is more than 200 million years. The speed of the solar system due to the galactic rotation is about 220 km/sec (about one hundred forty mi/sec). 6. SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system includes nine planets and sun being at the centre. All the planets revolve around the sun . The solar system also includes the asteroids, meteors and numerous comets. All of these travel around the sun in a particular orbit . The planets which are the significant part of the solar system namely,Mercury,venus,earth,mars,Jupiter,Saturn

Curriculum Strengths and Weaknesses

The planme that I have chosen is the K-12 Physical grooming broadcast of a school in the United States. The strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum were assessed and are explained below. Besides this, recommendations are also provided for alter the sensual information curriculum of the school. Strengths and weaknesses of the school forcible culture course of study The school-community environs was examined and the graphic symbol of the environment was considered to be moderately loaded.The awareness of the mission/philosophy statement of the school is strong, but the classroom dictation does not seem to be corporate with the mission/philosophy statement of the school. The curriculum should be integrated to helper the students see and make the connections betwixt and among subjects (ETIM, 2005). The school environment is strong. There is general concern among the round for the welfare of the students but more should be done to strengthen the student assistance pro gram to help students at essay right from the elementary level.Students who have motor and fitness requirements besides emotional and early(a) special needs are considered as at-risk students. There is strong recognition of student achievements but at that place is lesser recognition for the achievements of teachers and administrators. There is a need for recognizing quality teaching and this is one area where there is orbital cavity for a lot of improvement. Parent involvement is very strong and there is enough opportunities for put forwards to be involved in the activities of their wards.But there is scope for improvement in this area too, because getting parent input on their wards development in a frequent and systematic manner. This is required especially in the schools curriculum, recognition and military rating areas. There is scope for improvement in the conversation and evaluation categories. The quality of communication needs to be better especially at the elementa ry, middle and high school levels. The communication between classroom teachers and the physiological information instructor needs to be improved.An effective communication program that highlights the activities and achievements of the personal pedagogics program is very much requisite to gain much needed support for the sensual procreation program. The goals and objectives of the school corporeal development program needs to be clear and as such(prenominal) it should improved. A clear program and instruction objectives is necessary to organize, implement and evaluate the quality of the K-12 program. If the goals and objectives of the chool forcible education program are clear then designing high-quality instructional material and its evaluation becomes much easier. Also, the reports of the evaluation bottom be sent to the students, parents and others who are keenly involved in the development of the sensible education program. There is also a need to implement, monitor and refine the school physical education curriculum to make it consistent with the resources available within the community.This is needed to eliminate redundancy and to promote a K-12 program that supports sequential learning. The secondary physical education service for students with special needs is very strong in the school overall, but there is scope for improvement of this service at the elementary school level. The quality of physical education for special students has to be improved at the elementary school level. There is scope for improvement of the program evaluation, implementation and dissemination needs for the K-12 physical education program in the school. rung should concentrate more on improving the physical education program in the school because a quality physical education program focuses on physical development, while integrating emotional, social and quick components (Klungseth, 2009). Classroom instruction and class management are moderately strong but it sh ould be improved to the level that it becomes absolutely strong. Currently, classroom instruction and class management are negatively impacted by the size of the class, the bigger the class the poorer the classroom instruction and class management, this situation should change.The certification process for physical education instructors should be tightened especially for activities that are considered high-risk activities. Also, the variance in qualification should be reduce for staff members in the school and it should be effectively streamlined. Staff development programs should be improved and there should be periodic evaluation of the staff. There should be involvement of the physical education director in monitoring physical education instruction, and there should be a clear role for a physical education coordinator.Information for garnering support for the physical education program should be provided to administrators by the physical education staff. The physical education f acilities need to be upgraded. Currently they appear to be outdated, over-utilized and poorly maintained. Inadequate facilities can lead to injuries and poor physical education instruction. If facilities are inadequate then larger classes would thoroughly fall apart this problem. Poor facilities are the cause of less funds and decreased student enrollment.Student records in the physical education planning process needs to be automated. Currently the availability of equipment for this purpose is reasonably strong along with the availability of equipment for safety and checkup records categories. Safety should be a top priority jazz for the school, emergency pull through and through plans have to be drawn up with emergency first aid kit, telephones and supplies macrocosm made available at each teaching station. Teachers should be provided with student health information so that students are not put at risk by the physical education regimen.There is a need to improve the safety pr actices at the school that reduces risk to the well-being of students. Recommendations to improve the school physical education program The safety practices at the school needs to be improved, the safety practices should recognize the risk and safety factors associated with regular participation in physical activity (Griffey, Housener, 2007). There should be emergency action plans, telephones and first aid kit installed at all teaching stations. The process for getting student medical and health records should be improved.Staff development programs should be put in place especially in areas where there is need to improve safety practices. Proper processes and procedures should be developed for continuous evaluation of the physical education program. The program evaluation should lead to a proper assessment of the specified objectives of the program. The physical education program has to be implemented fully at all grade levels and to this extent additional physical education teacher s need to be hired. Also, the standards set by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) should be implemented in the school.The NASPE standards inform the teachers of the primary outcomes to be achieved in physical education at each grade level (Lund, Tannehill, 2010) The goals and objectives of the physical education program needs to be implemented through the design of a curriculum framework. The framework should state the goals and objectives clearly and speak about the role of a comprehensive physical education program, besides, the program content should be matched with the local resources and prioritized based on the objectives of the program and the importance of the program content.Also, the program content should be in synchronization with the K-12 curriculum. The physical education program results should be summarized and provided as feedback to all stakeholders concerned besides this, adequate funds should be obtained for creating physical educati on facilities and for the purchase of equipment to be used at the facilities to enable the smooth implementation of the physical education program. Committees should be formed to monitor the implementation of the physical education program and to suggest and implement improvements where ever needed in the physical education program.References ETIM, J. 2005. CURRICULUM INTEGRATION K-12 THEORY AND PRACTICE. University Press of America, Maryland. Griffey D. C. , Housener L. D. 2007. Designing effective instructional tasks for physical education and sports. Human Kinetics. Klungseth S. 2009. A comparison between public elementary physical education programs in South Dakota and the STARS criteria for high quality physical education programs. ProQuest LLC. Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI. Lund J, Tannehill D. 2010. Standards-Based Physical Education Curriculum. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, MA 0 1776, USA.

Basic Bookkeeping Essay

Assessment 1. Written Assessment1. commit an example of daily financial records that you could have to maintain?Update your scotchs receivable and accounts payable daily on your accounting computer using the software provided or modifies to suit the compositional particular needs.2. What are the requirements regarding identifying and rectifying errors in supporting? Using the right accounting order cash and accrual Using professional bookkeeping method hiring specialist, qualified accountant or bookkeeper. Separate personal and business finances Ensuring employee and other categories are record accurately Perform basic account reconciliation. Implement adequate internal controls Save receipts for sensitive purchases Know the difference between profit and cash flow Rely also on a paper environment Honour your cheques and GST3. How can you ensure that credit and debit transactions are accurately recorded, in accordance with organisational requirements?The use of computer softwar e. The system will automatically record entries behind the scenes. compute each transaction as amount that will either increase or decrease detail accounts, i.e. your bank, revenue as the Chart of Accounts.4. What are the requirements regarding the maintenance of transactions in a commonplace rule book?The process is to record each journal entry into the general ledger. A general ledger holds 4 types of accounts assets, liabilities, income, expenses and references equity.Income and expenses are actually types of asset and liability accounts. There are only two types of accounts managed by a General Ledger Accounts that tell you how much you are owed Accounts that tell you how much you owe5. What are the requirements regarding the batting order of transactions into the general ledger? Commencing business entries Correction of posting errors Interest expense Interest receivable non-cash transactions Purchase of a intractable asset on credit Sale of a fixed asset on credit- With drawal of stock/assets by owner Write-off a negative debt6. What is the process for reconciling systems for accounts payable and receivable in the general ledger? Checking accuracy or creditor account balances (e.g. cash payments journal, purchases journal, purchases returns journal, general journal) Checking accuracy of debtor account balances (e.g. cash receipts journal, sales return journal, general journal) Checking cash payments and receipt journals against bank statement Checking the total of the creditors record equals the balance of the creditors control account. Checking the total of the debtors schedule equals the balance of the debtors control account7. Financial Reporting has two methods of accounting. What are they? Cash collection8. explicate the two methods and give examples of which reporting method can be used by what size organisation?Cash AccountingThis is the simpler method because it is based on the actual flow of cash in and let on of a business. The cash method is used primarily by sole proprieties and business with no inventory.Accrual AccountingThis records income and expenses as they occur, whether cash has actually changed hands or not. Most small business should understudy to accrualaccounting, because this makes it easier to accurately match revenue to expenses.

HRM in Marks and Spencer Essay

Introduction and Background attach and Spencer, established 1894 in Leeds,UK and as one of the most recognized brands in the UK and worldwide, had been hugely successful in terms of both profit and mart sh atomic number 18 until the late 1990s. However, after that it suffered a reversal in its fortunes. Correspondingly, its organizational social system and stopping point also underwent certain transformation. The set of dramatic changes include changing whirligig executive and their managerial philosophies. Now, it seems to be on the road to recovery after these radical changes. This article counseles on human resource management in M&S, analysis ranges from its traditional paternalism gardening to mod HRM practices.Paternalism & Unitarist Characteristics beneath paternalism, employers and employees view the company as a family. Its different from traditional manufacturing culture. The separation between the fail floor and management and livelinesss of them and us atomic nu mber 18 what might be expected within a traditional manufacturing culture, where the employment is full-time, long-term and relatively stable and the typical work outplace is a large firm or store. The corporation is a stable sovereign organization with a clear division of labors and everyone abides by the neighborly contract. Similarly, Unitarist deems the short letter organization as a team united by sh atomic number 18d interests and values with cured management as the sole source of authority and focus of loyalty, conflict is seen as irrational and unnecessary.Historic anyy, label and Spencer fits into an anatomy of paternalism with characteristic features of hereditary family ownership, personal relations between employer and worker, a sense of UK religious perpetration and a commitment to social welfargon and public service. The ideal type paternalist workforce matches these, with family employment done large kinship networks and is embedded in a surrounding occupationa l community. Moreover, there was a sapiditying of camaraderie and close-knit family atmosphere within the stores and they employed staffs who are most suitable and fag end right external become part of this family.In addition, every M&S store is identical and the store managers followed of import direction. The high-pitchedly centralized authority also room that there exists little disagreement with policies sent mound from the top. Also, there had never been a CEO of M&S who had not been a member of the throws family or a lifetime employee. The first exception is Vandervelde who had been appointed to the position of chairman at M&S in 2000 from outside the organization. Therefore, this kind of HRM is a typical form of paternalism, which totall(a)y breaks with batch unions and has highly centralized authority and represents the characteristic of unitarist as well.Organizations success is dep closing curtained not just now on reducing costs but also on improving the surge ry of the workforce. The organizations objective or their currently expect of their employees may be completely different from what they expected in the past due to the changing external environment such as bare-assed competitors or new technologies, internal system such as focusing on reducing costs and cutting the full-time sales assistants in store. Some of the external environment and the individual factors driving psychological contract query are illustrated in following figure.Old Contract (Greenbury)New ContractChange environmentStable, short focusContinuous changeCulturePaternalism, time-served, exchange security for commitmentThose who perform get rewarded and beat contract developedRewardsPaid on level, position and circumstancePaid on contributions or performance-establishpublicity basisExpected, based on time served in store and competenceLess opportunity, new criteria, for those who deserve itPersonal incrementThe organizations responsibilityIndividuals responsib ility to improve employabilityConsequently, employees job descriptions might be broadened and their psychological contract will shift correspondingly. Evidence suggests that these changes represented a threat to the reciprocal nature of the psychological contract with consequences for both employees and employers. Meanwhile, the strength of the psychological contract is myrmecophilous on how fair the individual believes the organization is in fulfilling its perceived obligations that the organization treats them fairly, respects their efforts and rewards them justly, its based on mutual obligation. In addition to the summarized old contract characters, evidence also shows that Greenbury only utilise sales figures and visitors to stores as the basis to make judgments on how M&S was operating, whereas lost touch with what their employees opinions or wants. It makes employees feel their portions are unimportant also it weakens their morale and motivation.The Thrill of the Purchase a rticle states this famous paternalistic culture of M&S. They endureed cradle-to-grave benefits for employees but rigidly governed the way that managers operated. Moreover, every aspect of the company was rule-driven. Most of employees feel rule-bound and they are not encouraged to use their personal discretion as well. Neverthe slight, they gradually realized their culture are fall-out-of-step and with the implementation of new HR strategic, M&S becomes open and receptive, moving from a culture of paternalism to a to a greater extent sophisticated culture of choice.Matching employee behaviors and HRM activities to agonistical strategiesMichael Porters generic low-cost or differentiation dodging plunder be adopt in the Marks&Spencer case. Namely, each Porterian combative schema involves a unique set of responses from workers or needed role behaviours and a particular HRM strategy that might generate and reinforce a unique pattern of behaviour (Schuler and Jackson, 2002). There fore, any inconsistency in internal HRM practices will likely lead to role conflict or ambiguity that can put in with individual performance and organizational effectiveness. In the Devanna et al. pose, human resource management strategy and grammatical construction follow and feed upon one another and are influenced by environmental forces. This basic model effected the bare bones of a theory on SHRM. (Linda Maund, 200173)Porters model comprised three components1. cheap lead or cost reduction strategyUsing this strategy, organization will gain militant advantage by being the lowest cost producer. Managers are attempting to increase the organizations market share by emphasise low cost compared to that of its competitors, they try to emphasize that their goods or serve are cheaper. Its an aggressive and tightly cost-controlled strategy that emphasizes overhead minimization. Meanwhile, it pursuits the economies of scale and primarily focus on increase productivity with reduci ng output cost per person and reducing wage levels by all means. This approach takes effect by means of mass-producing, mass-selling to save the costs, whereby gain the impairment superiority. Moreover, it lay asides manufacturing process simple and clamant in orderliness to save the costs of raw materials, whereas basically there are no improvements or expansion of their products.Greenbury, the former chief executive of Marks and Spencer, had decided that to control costs by means of cutting full-time sales assistants in stores, at the same time, bring in full-time, part-time and Saturday staffs to work in stores. Further, their approach is also rely on and highly trust the look of British suppliers and M&S play as a bulk buyer who even buy up all the stock of specific suppliers, whereby conducting mass-selling to earn profits. In addition, as the Channel 4 programme stated at 25th Feb,2001 that operations of the organization within M&S is focused on short-term strategy rather than long-term one and they were firmly placed in the middle ground, emphasize acquiring generalized view of the market instead of trying to target various segments market. The overall strategy is bump-aversive and traditional. Hence, they are adapting typical cost-reduction strategy, meanwhile, with somewhat emphasis on quality aspect.In general, cost reduction pursued through increasingly using of part-time employees, subcontractors, work simplification, measurement procedures, automation, work rule changes, job assignment flexibility. Therefore, consort to this competitive strategy, the expected employees behaviors should be followed the key cost-reduction strategy characteristics illustrate as followLow-cost leadership strategy (Greenbury)Needed Employees BehaviorsHuman mental imagery PracticesRelatively repetitious and predictable behaviorsRelatively fixed and unambiguous job descriptionsA rather short-term focusNarrowly designed jobsPrimarily autonomous or individual ac tivityNarrowly defined career path, unitarismModest mend for qualityExternally, reliable suppliers internally, QC surviveHigh concern for quantity of outputLean production, JIT system, fully participationPrimary concern for resultsminimal levels of employee tuition and developmentLow risk-taking activityShort-term, result oriented performance appraisalsRelatively high compass point of comfort with stabilityClose monitoring of market pay level2. Differentiation or quality enhancement strategyThis strategic emphasizes on enhancing products or services quality and oblation products or services that different from those of its competitors. There are numerous ways to implement this strategy, the most common ones are advertising, offering distinctive product or service features, providing exceptional service, or relying on new technology. The organization is trying to make a unique product or provide a unique service with high quality to attract target clients and earn profits.Due to the risk-aversive and traditional managerial methodologies, actually Greenbury laid less emphasis on quality enhancement or on delivering products with unique quality. Therefore, by April 1999, in order to overcome the difficulties M&S had been facing, Salsbury, the successor of Greenbury, had devised a large-scale promotional campaign to try to doctor its images as an sophisticated retailer offering unique quality products. He started to segment the market and offer different category products to its target customers with strong emphasis on its unique quality. Also, by moving away from its original bureaucratic culture and hierarchical environment, modest amount of cooperation was formed to enhance products quality.At the end of March 2001, for the future development of M&S, Vandervelde, the new chief executive of M&S, started to focus on its core 300 domestic stores by cutting or withdrawing its stores worldwide, and started moving business closer to the customer and selling cus tomized products within the UK. For customized products, quality is a key success factor. Therefore, obviously, at this stage, M&S strategy focuses mostly on differentiation character. The matching HRM practices of this competitive strategy for M&S are summarized as following tableQuality enhancement strategy (Salsbury and Vandervelde)Needed Employees BehaviorsHuman election PracticesRelatively repetitive and predictable behaviorsRelatively fixed and explicit job descriptionsMore long-term or intermediate focusGiving employees more discretionModest amount of cooperative, interdependent behaviorsMix of individual and group criteria for performanceappraisalHigh concern for qualityExtensive and continuous training and development of employees, QC function, TQM practicesModest concern for quantity of outputHigh level of employee participationHigh concern for processTraining and development of employees, TQM practicesLow risk-taking activityRelatively egalitarian treatment of employeesC ommitment to the goals of the organizationApplying Balance scorecard3. counseling or innovation strategyHowever, they also try to design a new range of turn for M&S through hiring famous innovators and conducting in-depth research to understand customers shopping habits and their demographics. This strategy emphasizes some of the innovative character, whereby gain advantaged of its competitors. Its different from the previous two strategies. Meanwhile, the organization concentrates on a specific geographical area, specific group of customers. Overall, for firms pursuing a competitive strategy of innovation, the employees are encouraging to offer suggestions for new and improved ways of doing their job or manufacturing products. Eventually, this strategy will result in feeling of heighten personal control and morale, greater commitment to self and profession. In addtition, selecting highly skilled individuals or training employees could be costly once adopting this strategy.Focus or innovation strategy (Vandervelde)Needed Employees BehaviorsHuman Resource PracticesHigh degree of creative behaviorsSelecting highly skilled individualsLong-term focusAppraising performance for its semipermanent implicationRelatively high level of cooperative, team on the job(p), knowledge sharing and interdependent behaviorsUsing minimal controls normalize degree of concern for both quality and quantityTQM practices, making a greater investment in human resourcesEqual degree of concern for process and resultsProviding more resources for experimentationGreater degree of risk takingAllowing and even rewarding occasional failureUncertainty, unpredictability and constant changeCompensation, incentives, giving employees more discretionComparatively speaking, Low-cost leadership is effective but difficult to do in a high-cost organization. Differentiation can be profitable if target customers are not particularly concerned with price but its costly to implement, such as research and development, advertising costs. Focus strategy can gain quick returns but takes time to identify area or group and the cost could be even higher since it focuses on innovative aspect of products.Analyze Matching model and other HRM strategiesFrom the in a higher place comparison, we can see that effectiveness will increase by melding HR practices with competitive strategy. The advantages of this model are obviously and are summarized as following tableComponentAdvantagesDisadvantagesLow-cost leadershipEffective elusive to do in a high-cost organizationDifferentiationCan be profitable if target customers are not particularly concerned with priceCostly to implement, e.g. research and development, advertising costsFocus supple returnsTakes time to identify area or group(Linda Maund, 200155 Adantages and disadvantages of Porters competitive strategies)However, anyways the disadvantages illustrated above, the practice of this matching model could also be problematic since achieving th e goal of close fit of business and HRM strategy can contradict the core soft HRM goals of commitment, flexibility and quality. Work organization as M&S may adopt a soft version of HRM for managerial staffs, which is consistent with its current strategy, whereas concurrently pursuing a hard version of HRM for low-level worker, which might undermine the commitment of the latter. Hence, the matching model is essentially unitary and it tends to assume that workers are unproblematic and will comply with managements perception of the needed role behaviors.Meanwhile, we also cannot ignore the fact that workers and their unions, especially for M&Ss famous British working union, might influence strategic planning. In addition, excessive fit can be disadvantageous to gaining competitive advantage since it can make a company inflexible and incapable of adapting quickly to the external environment. Recalled that when Greenbury insisted on its cost-reduction strategy and its quality criteria, the environment of the whole market has gradually changed. Competitors targeted at niche market and adopted differentiation strategy to attract and gain credibility among numerous consumers, whereas M&S still keep its traditional or risk-aversive way to do business.RecommendationOther HR strategies suggestions for M&S At individual level, employees motivation can be stimulated through appropriate job design and rewards. Also, emphasizing employees participation or empowerment, and it could be reinforced through encouraging front-line staff to solve customer problems on the spot, without constant recourse to management approval.At organizational level Development through changing the paternalism structure and corresponding traditional culture to a culture of the individual and of teams. The organization should focus on make its growth valued (such as brand revitalized by Vandervelde) and rewards excellence. Meanwhile, strategy-focused organizations like M&S can apply the balanced sc orecard to align their employees to their strategy. This strategy can be implemented through dialogue and education, personal and team objectives, and incentive and reward systems. They should extensively use self-managed teams and decentralization. Also, paying attention to reducing status differentials and encouraging willingness to share information. Finally, when individuals understand how their pay is linked to achieving strategic objectives, and set personal objectives to met and help to get through the strategic objectives, organizations effectiveness will expect to be achieved.References and BibliographiesLinda,M.(2001) An Introduction to Human Resource Management theory and practice, Hampshire, New York Palgrave Publishers LtdSchuler,R.S and Jackson,S.E (2002, 7th edn) Managing Human Resources A Partnership Perspective diary of Personnel Review,31(1),114-121Tyson,S. and York,A. (2000,4th edn) Essentials of HRM, Houston Butterworth HeinemannTorrington,D. and Hall,L. (1998 , 4th edn) Human Resource Management, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey apprentice Hall IncMaund,L. (1999) Understanding People and Organisations An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour, Cheltenham Stanley ThornesSchuler,R.S and Jackson,S.E (2000) Strategic Human Resource Management, ledgerPersonnel Review,29(6),816-821James,A. and McGoldrick,A.E. 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